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Analysis

USD
EUR
GBP

三大央行掀年末狂欢

Jerry Chen
Jerry Chen
Research Strategist
14 Dec 2021
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本周有20家央行会在“央行超级周”举行年内最后一次议息会议,其中美国、英国、和欧洲央行的利率决议显然最吸引眼球,而他们各自又有着不同的处境和立场。

看美联储如何为货币政策定调

美联储将于周三晚间公布本年度最后一次利率决议、经济前景展望以及点阵图。

  • 遏制通胀迫在眉睫

鲍威尔在两周前就已经放弃了“通胀暂时论”,此后更多的官员也陆续转为鹰派,这为市场留出了充足的时间来适应和调整。随着最新出炉的CPI又创下了40年新高6.8%,PPI同比增长9.6%刷新历史新高,遏制通胀的重要性在现阶段显然已经超过了就业复苏。

在本周更新的经济展望中,美联储应该会上调通胀预期,但高通胀可能拖累GDP增速。

尽管市场中也存在着通胀“见顶”的观点,但这只会相对延缓美联储的行动,并不会改变货币政策正常化的整体方向。

  • 加快Taper势在必行

要想遏制通胀,除了供应链和外部环境等不可控因素,美联储首先要做的就是收回过剩的流动性,也就是要处理量化宽松的问题。市场普遍预期美联储将加快缩表(Taper)速度,由原来的每月减少150亿美元购债加速至每月减少250-300亿美元,从而在明年3月左右就可以彻底告别QE。

  • 点阵图透露玄机

提前结束量化宽松不代表一定会提前加息,但至少是为明年的多次加息留出了足够的时间窗口。

目前利率市场价格暗示明年至少有两次加息,首次加息时间点为6月,这比9月点阵图更为激进,当时在18名委员中仅有一半预测明年会加息。可以预期本次的点阵图将追赶市场预期,比如有更多的委员认同两次加息的幅度,2022年的预测中位数可能上移50个基点。

一旦点阵图显示明年有3次加息,可能会产生一系列连锁反应,比如帮助美元指数走出整理形态强势上扬,2年期美债收益率突破0.70%,收益率曲线更为平坦,股市和黄金承压下行等。

美元指数(USDX)

英国央行或按兵不动

英国央行将于周四晚间公布利率决议。考虑到经济表现不佳以及疫情影响,央行这次大概率不会急于加息,这会为英镑的反弹带来考验。上个月投票支持加息的委员表示希望在加息前看到更多关于Omicron的细节。本周英国失业率、CPI和零售销售等数据也将成为明年2月加息与否的重要参考。

GBPUSD

英国卫生部门预计英国每天新增Omicron感染病例高达20万,远高于官方确诊数。为了应对疫情,英国已经再次提升了警戒级别和防疫力度。如果防疫措施继续升级,已经处于一年低位的英镑可能跌向1.3000。相反,若央行明天意外加息,英镑将获得极大提振。

欧洲央行何时放弃通胀暂时论

欧洲央行的利率决议同样将于周四晚间登场,焦点在于资产购买计划的安排。当“疫情紧急购买计划”(PEPP)明年3月到期后,是续作还是转而通过“资产购买计划”(APP)继续向市场投放流动性?如果市场预期央行会在明年年底前结束APP并且2023年加息,欧元的反弹可能得以延续。

EURUSD

但疫情的反复无疑加剧了政策制定的复杂性。面对4.9%(欧元区成立以来最高)的通胀率,拉加德还在坚持“通胀暂时论”,这与已经逐步转为鹰派的鲍威尔形成鲜明的对比(最好的参考指标是美国和德国的2年或者5年期国债利差)。欧洲央行的鸽派立场可能让欧元脆弱的反弹以失败告终。


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