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Analysis

Gas
Oil

根本停不下来!能源价格疯涨的背后

6 Oct 2021
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NYMEX天然气价格周二上涨了近10%,创12年来最高收盘价记录,今年累计上涨了138%。

尽管美国的天然气产量全球第一(储量第五),但也抵挡不住价格的飞涨。而严重依赖天然气的欧洲的情况则更为严峻。本周二,ICE英国天然气(蓝色)合约上涨20%,荷兰TTF中心的天然气价格(红色)暴涨22%,两者今年累计翻了至少6倍。

曾经一度白菜价的天然气一举成为了香饽饽,这主要得“归功于”政治正确的能源政策。在碳中和的目标指引下,各国政府正在积极推进能源转型。但包括天然气在内的多种清洁能源供应似乎无法满足疫情后的全球需求复苏,全球多地甚至闹起了“电荒”。

欧洲天然气基础设施(Gas Infrastructure Europe)的最新数据显示,区域库存仍仅为全负荷水平的74.7%,为十多年来的最低水平。为了应对可能蔓延的能源危机以及抵御即将到来的寒冬,欧洲买家疯狂扫货增加储备,价格自然也水涨船高。

另外,极端气候对风力、水利发电的影响以及地缘政治(美国制裁北溪2号天然气管道)因素也对价格起到了推波助澜的作用。

在气价飙升的特殊时期,石油和煤炭又重新获得了青睐。

NYMEX交易的煤炭价格今年累计飙升了270%。美国WTI原油(SpotCrude)攀上7年高点,布伦特(SpotBrent)已经突破83美元,两者今年的涨幅都在60%左右。OPEC+的存在及全球产能调节机制使得油价的涨幅相对天然气和煤炭来说比较“有限”。

另外,能源价格的上涨将不可避免地推高消费端的物价。高通胀看上去不仅仅是“短期现象”,这可能加快全球货币政策的正常化进程。挪威和新西兰已经率先开始了加息步伐,美联储也即将于年底前启动缩表。这可能会对全球股市、货币和商品价格带来连锁反应。

这波能源涨价会持续多久?

俄罗斯天然气供应的增加以及北溪2号的投入使用(已经开始注气)有望在短期内缓解价格的压力,各国的囤货也可能会随着储备的恢复而放缓,只不过OPEC+暂时排除了额外增产的可能。

除了开源还需节流,工厂的“拉闸限电”或将成为最后的无奈之举,只不这将进一步冲击本已恶化的全球供应链。


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