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Analysis

Oil
Gas

根本停不下來!能源價格瘋漲的背後

Jerry Chen
Jerry Chen
Research Strategist
6 Oct 2021
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NYMEX天然氣價格周二上漲了近10%,創12年來最高收盤價記錄,今年累計上漲了138%。

盡管美國的天然氣產量全球第一(儲量第五),但也抵擋不住價格的飛漲。而嚴重依賴天然氣的歐洲的情況則更為嚴峻。本周二,ICE英國天然氣(藍色)合約上漲20%,荷蘭TTF中心的天然氣價格(紅色)暴漲22%,兩者今年累計翻了至少6倍。

曾經一度白菜價的天然氣一舉成為了香餑餑,這主要得「歸功於」政治正確的能源政策。在碳中和的目標指引下,各國政府正在積極推進能源轉型。但包括天然氣在內的多種清潔能源供應似乎無法滿足疫情後的全球需求復蘇,全球多地甚至鬧起了「電荒」。

歐洲天然氣基礎設施(Gas Infrastructure Europe)的最新數據顯示,區域庫存仍僅為全負荷水平的74.7%,為十多年來的最低水平。為了應對可能蔓延的能源危機以及抵禦即將到來的寒冬,歐洲買家瘋狂掃貨增加儲備,價格自然也水漲船高。

另外,極端氣候對風力、水利發電的影響以及地緣政治(美國製裁北溪2號天然氣管道)因素也對價格起到了推波助瀾的作用。

在氣價飆升的特殊時期,石油和煤炭又重新獲得了青睞。

NYMEX交易的煤炭價格今年累計飆升了270%。美國WTI原油(SpotCrude)攀上7年高點,布倫特(SpotBrent)已經突破83美元,兩者今年的漲幅都在60%左右。OPEC+的存在及全球產能調節機製使得油價的漲幅相對天然氣和煤炭來說比較「有限」。

另外,能源價格的上漲將不可避免地推高消費端的物價。高通脹看上去不僅僅是「短期現象」,這可能加快全球貨幣政策的正常化進程。挪威和新西蘭已經率先開始了加息步伐,美聯儲也即將於年底前啟動縮表。這可能會對全球股市、貨幣和商品價格帶來連鎖反應。

這波能源漲價會持續多久?

俄羅斯天然氣供應的增加以及北溪2號的投入使用(已經開始註氣)有望在短期內緩解價格的壓力,各國的囤貨也可能會隨著儲備的恢復而放緩,只不過OPEC+暫時排除了額外增產的可能。

除了開源還需節流,工廠的「拉閘限電」或將成為最後的無奈之舉,只不這將進一步沖擊本已惡化的全球供應鏈。


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