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Analysis

USD

2020下半年美元走势的硬核逻辑

Jerry Chen
Jerry Chen
Research Strategist
1 July 2020
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2020年,新冠病毒肆虐全球,在引爆公共卫生危机的同时更是冲击了全球金融市场。

我们经历了股市从历史新高跌入深渊、原油期货价格史上首见负值、避险黄金不升反降与全球各类资产一起遭到无情抛售等奇景。而在疫情最严重的阶段,美元则独领风骚,成为金融市场的一股清流。在全球资产抛售浪潮之中,美元指数(USDX)最高攀升至3月20日的103.79。

根据“美元微笑”理论,作为“国内货币”的美元,通常会在美国经济增长强劲、资本回报率较高的时期走强。而每当爆发重大危机、经济衰退或陷入极端不确定性的时候,作为“世界货币”的美元在避险情绪的支撑下同样会飙涨。因此形成了如图所示的“美元微笑”的两端。

短期内市场情绪将继续主导美元走势

在度过了3月份全球范围的美元流动性危机之后,目前美元指数正处于震荡模式之中。由疫情引发的避险情绪和对经济复苏的乐观期待不断地碰撞切换,使得美元和美股呈现出你方唱罢我登台的局面。这样的逻辑在第二季度尤其明显,而在疫情真正得到控制之前,这个局面很难有根本性转变。

下图中上半部分的风险逆转指标(risk reversal)从另一个层面反映出当前市场情绪。所谓风险逆转指标,指的是美元指数看涨期权和看跌期权的隐含波动率之差。其数值越大,代表期权交易者对后市的看涨。目前该数值位于0值附近,体现了多空双方的势均力敌。下半部分显示了美元指数投机性期货仓位自2017年以来首次转为净空头头寸,但如果与风险逆转指标结合来看,市场对美元走势还是持比较中立立场的。因此短期内,避险/风险情绪的切换将继续引领美元的涨跌。

美元或将在中期走弱

如果疫情的因素逐渐褪去,我们预计美元中期内会沿着“微笑理论”的趋势而走弱。主要原因有以下几点。

  • 美联储扩表

美国现有的财政补助将于7月到期,届时国会可能通过新一轮的刺激方案,而面对不断加剧的疫情影响,财政部发债筹集抗疫资金的步伐料将继续。在全球央行大举抛售美债的当下,美联储或将成为美债最大的接盘侠。另外,美联储3月所推出的9项流动性工具还尚未完全开足马力运行,因此仍有进一步扩表的空间。更多的流动性投放将压低美元的汇率。

  • 实际收益率低位运行

下图中,美元指数(白线)与美国5年期通货膨胀保值债券收益率(即实际收益率,红线)在3月之后呈现同步下跌的走势。

为了应对疫情的影响刺激经济复苏,我们预计美联储会长时间将美债名义利率(橙线)“锚定”在低位,必要时还有收益率曲线控制和负利率等大招可以使用。与此同时,预期通货膨胀率(蓝线)则随着油价、铜价、铁矿石等资产价格的回升而不断走高。因此,实际收益率(名义收益率减去预期通货膨胀率)有望在较长时间内继续低位徘徊,从而拖累美元汇率。

  • 财政预算赤字飙升

2020年美国的财政预算赤字预计高达3.7万亿美元,占GDP的比重将超过18%。从下图历年的预算赤字/GDP的比率(蓝线)和美元(白线)的关系来看,美元会随着财政盈余的增加而走强,同时跟随赤字规模的增加而走弱。18%的赤字率对美元是巨大的利空。

  • 全球经济复苏

近来疫情的再度爆发为美国的经济重启和复苏笼罩上了阴影,IMF对美国今明两年-8%和4.8%的预期恐将进一步遭到下调。而反观欧洲和亚洲等地区,经济和社会运转已经逐步回归常态。尤其是欧洲,不仅购债计划继续加码6000亿欧元,PMI等重磅经济数据持续好转,昨天更是宣布将对15个国家重新开放边境。DAX/S&P500的比率也处于稳步上升过程中。欧洲地区经济基本面和股市的改善或将提振风险情绪,吸引更多资本流入欧元资产,减少对美元的需求和依赖。

短期内受疫情和市场情绪影响继续波动,中期内逐步走弱,这是我们对美元在未来半年至一年的走势判断。您可以观看上方讲座视频了解更多美元走势的分析和主流货币对预测。也可以扫码关注或订阅我们的Youtube频道获取更多交易资讯和热点分析。


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