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Analysis

见证历史!美国失业率面临闪崩

Jerry Chen
Jerry Chen
Research Strategist
7 May 2020
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2020年,我们见证了疫情下的全球停摆、美股的连续熔断、原油期货负值等奇景。现在,市场已经做好了充分的预热,准备在50年来美国最低失业率(3.5%)之后迎来最高的失业率。而这一转变,仅仅只用了两个月。

昨天出炉的“小非农”,即美国ADP就业数据显示,4月份就业人口减少2023.6万,创下了2002年该数据公布以来最糟糕记录。此前最低纪录是2009年2月金融危机期间创下的83.46万人。周五,美国劳工统计局将公布4月份非农就业人数,预计将减少2150万人,失业率将从4.4%飙升至16%。二战后的峰值是1982年11月创下的10.8%。

实际失业率比官方统计更糟?

美国的实际失业率可能远大于官方使用的基准失业率。

首先,美国的失业率指标有包括U1至U6等多个口径。

U3是官方公布的基准失业率,即覆盖年满16岁及以上、有劳动能力和劳动意愿、并且在过去4周内积极寻找工作但不成功的劳动者。U6涵盖的人群最为广泛,几乎是计入了所有的没有正式全职工作的劳动适龄人口(如零工兼职的人),因此这个口径的失业率是最高的。

作为官方基准失业率的U3,其定义相对来说比较狭义——没有劳动能力的人、不愿意工作的人、打零工的人、长期失业的人都不纳入计算。有工作意愿但长期无法找到工作、或者失去找工作信心的人同样被排除在外,而这正是受到经济衰退影响最严重的人群。

从下图的对比中可以看到,3月份的U6(蓝色)为8.7%,几乎是官方数据(白色)4.4%的两倍。同样的情况也出现在金融危机期间的2009年11月,当时官方失业率是9.9%,而U6则高达17.1%。高企的广义失业率揭示了更为惨淡的就业市场状况,可能进一步打压市场投资者对美股的信心。

美国U3(白色)和U6(蓝色)失业率对比 (来源:Bloomberg)

另外值得注意的是,在经济局势剧变的特殊情况下,就业调查可能无法及时计入已倒闭的公司。同时,受到疫情影响,调查过程中面对面访谈被暂停,区域数据收集中心的工作效率也不可避免地受到影响,数据收集率将明显低于平均水平。这使得官方的数据参杂了一定的水分。

失业人口的行业分布和结构也值得关注。3月份报告显示,2/3的就业下滑来自于娱乐、休闲、酒店等服务业,而服务业是美国经济的主要引擎,占经济产出的近8成。从结构上来看,临时解雇的人远超永久性失业人口。考虑到美国普遍较低的储蓄率,这部分失业人口将面临一段艰难的时期,而零售消费市场则将进一步的萎缩。

标普500横盘整理

在史上最惨烈的非农就业报告出炉之前,资金已经集体出逃风险资产,涌入美元避险。昨日标普500指数下跌0.7%,收报2848.42。日线图中,10天均线和RSI指标都缺乏明显的方向性,市场陷入短期观望情绪。初步支撑位在50%的回档位即2790一线,上行方向100天均线即3000点是重要的心理关口。

标普500指数(US500)日线图

虽然此次糟糕的非农报告已经被广泛预期,但逊于预期的数据或者爆表的U6料将打压市场信心,拖累股指下行。近期市场同样关心美国的经济重启所取得的进展和中美之间不断升温的地缘政治摩擦,后者更有可能成为股市下一步涨跌的催化剂。

从估值角度来看,2020财年的EPS预估较2月高点下降了25%左右,而同期标普500指数仅回落了16%,市盈率在经济严重衰退的预期下仍旧创下了近20年的新高。这不禁让投资者担心,美联储超级宽松的流动性是否能继续支撑股指。

在Pepperstone,您可以通过交易美国股指和主流股票的CFD产品,以更低的成本投资美国股市或对冲您所持有的其他资产,实现交易策略的多样化。

今天晚间出炉的上周初请失业金人数预计高达300万人。这一高频数据显示,过去6周有超过3000万人申领失业金。一个积极的信号是,申领人数已经连续四周录得下降。

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