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Analysis

USD

美元见底了吗?

Jerry Chen
Jerry Chen
Research Strategist
12 Jan 2021
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沉寂许久的美元指数(USDX)已经从近三年低点悄然回升至90关口上方,弱势美元真的要迎来反转了吗?

最近的美国政坛上演了堪称好莱坞大片式的情节,国会大厦暴动、您的好友特朗普被“下线”,一任总统面临两次弹劾... 不过市场似乎对特朗普的新闻提不起兴趣,投资者押注民主党即将掀起的“蓝色浪潮”能带领美国经济早日走出新冠阴霾。因此美股的乘胜追击再创新高并不令人意外,倒是美元的反弹来的有点猝不及防。

我们此前多次提到了对美元长期走势的观点,即在跌穿长达数年的上升通道下沿支撑后,长期的宽松政策和不断加剧的双赤字或将进一步压低美元指数至2018年低点88.14。

上述观点现在依然没有改变,长期看空美元还是当前市场中的主流观点。目前除了空头回补,很难看到美元的买盘。CFTC的投机性空头仓位仍处于历史高位。美元与风险资产(标普500)的负相关系性远高于去年同期的水平,同时也处于过去5年内的高点。这意味着,绝大部分利好于股市的积极消息都会对美元构成负面影响。

美元货币对与标普500的相关系数 

来源:Macrobond, Morgan Stanley

但在指数长期下跌的过程中我们不能排除短期的反弹。而要想了解最近指数回暖的深层原因,我们可以关注以下几个方面。

实际利率

对美国万亿规模刺激计划的预期使10年期美债收益率已经上升至1.10%上方,是去年三月以来最高水平。很多交易者认为这是提振美元的原因,但其实更为关键的因素在于实际利率。

名义利率(白线)近来快速上扬的同时,10年期盈亏平衡通胀率(蓝线,即预期通胀率)也已经突破了2%,只是后者的涨幅落后于前者,从而导致两者的差值,即实际利率(黄线)近日有大幅度的上行,这才是推升美元指数的主要原因。

美国实际利率、名义利率和预期通胀率

来源:Bloomberg

预期通胀率是基于CPI指数的,而美联储的通胀目标则是基于PCE,两者之间通常有0.3%左右的差距。简单来讲,当预期通胀率达到2.3%左右时,PCE刚好能达到美联储所设定的平均通胀目标2%。这相当于给预期通胀率(蓝线)设定了一个无形的上限。此时只要名义利率(白线)继续上扬,我们就会看到实际利率(黄线)不断上行,此时的美元将迎来真正的反转。不过在预期通胀率“封顶”之前,指数仍然存在下跌的空间。

蓝色浪潮席卷而来

在民主党上周拿下佐治亚州的最后两个参议员席位实现完全执政之后,拜登表示将在本周公布新一轮一万亿美元刺激方案的细节,而这不会是今年的最后一轮刺激。

更早一步的疫苗接种、更激进的刺激规模、以及更团结高效的立法程序有望帮助美国更快实现经济复苏。全球资本则将会流向一个相对增长较快的经济体。相对于欧洲和其他新兴地区货币来说,美元有望再次获得青睐。

美联储的目标

刚才提到了预期通胀率突破了2%,可以说已经非常接近美联储设定的通胀目标了,这也是为什么上周美联储的会议纪要表达了对经济和通胀前景的乐观态度。随着目标的渐行渐近,美联储不可避免地将开始考虑货币政策的转向。市场对美联储将在今年晚些时候开始收紧政策的预期对美元来说又是一剂强心剂。

阶段性筑底

日线图上,上周指数在底部区域留下“早晨之星”,并且RSI指标呈现底背离的迹象,随即发力一举重夺90整数关口,再次久违的回到了看涨的10天EMA线上方。种种迹象暗示指数已经形成阶段性的底部。

但在入场做多之前,还需要看到更有说服力的信号,比如预期通胀率进一步上扬至2.3%附近、投机性仓位的调整、或者是美联储基调的转变等。

作为金融市场的基石,美元的强弱不仅仅是单一货币的问题,势必还将影响其他各类金融资产,比如黄金、非美货币、大宗商品以及加密货币等。因此,即使您不交易美元指数(USDX)本身,了解上述情况也能帮助您更好的把握市场脉络和价格趋势。


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