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美元如何才能逃出生天

Jerry Chen
Jerry Chen
Research Strategist
1 June 2021
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尽管美国的经济数据和疫情状况总体向好,但美元指数还是再度跌破90关口,并且暂时还看不到任何反弹的迹象。美元何时才能扭转颓势?本周五的非农能否成为关键的催化剂?

美元指数(USDX)近来延续着3月底开启的下跌趋势,徘徊在90关口的附近。从日线图上来看,阻力最小的路径仍是继续下探至1月低点89附近。

美元指数(USDX)日线图

美联储继续苦口婆心的表示将“维持当前的宽松货币政策直到经济出现实质性进展”,而与此同时欧洲以及英国所展现出来的复苏势头(以及收益率的上涨)则削减了美元的吸引力。离岸人民币创下3年新高也向美元补上了一刀。

CFTC数据显示,截止5月25日当周,美元的净空头头寸从前值150亿美元跳升至278亿美元,为连续第六周上涨。

那在当前的市场环境中,美元指数是否能看到一丝曙光呢?我们不妨关注以下几个方面。

美联储隔夜逆回购创天量

美联储隔夜逆回购(O/N RRP)的余额接近4800亿美元,创下了历史新高。

所谓逆回购,就是美联储通过出售证券从而实现回笼短期流动性(准备金存款)的公开市场操作工具。

那为什么美联储在一边在维持每个月1200亿美元(800亿美元国债+400亿美元MBS)的资产购买(即放水),同时另一边却要回收流动性呢?答案就是市场中的钱太多了,流动性泛滥导致资金需要找到一个有抵押品作为担保的资金存放工具。

与日俱增的隔夜逆回购规模意味着当前的量化宽松的意义已经大不如前,也暗示着缩减购债可能即将来临。如果隔夜逆回购量在短期内继续飙升,那么不排除美联储提前行动的可能。

美国房产市场火爆

我们刚提到了美联储每月的购债中包括了400亿美元的MBS, 即抵押支持债券。随着美联储大举购入MBS,抬高价格的同时压低了MBS的收益率,连带着压低了住房抵押贷款的利率,随即又刺激了美国房产市场的快速回暖。

美国房价指数年增长率(浅蓝)vs 美联储MBS持有规模(深蓝)

来源:Macrobond, Nordea

房地产市场自然是经济重启的重要引擎,但上涨速度如果失控也会引发更多的担忧和社会问题,因此有越来越多的观点认为美联储应该退出MBS市场。

全球央行立场分化

经过了疫情期间全球央行史无前例的流动性投放,目前挪威、加拿大、新西兰、以及英国央行都已经不同程度的实施了缩减购债或是提出了加息时间表。澳洲联储预计将会在7月跟进。

面对越来愈多央行政策逐渐转向(收紧),美联储自然也承受了相当大的压力。相比前两个月,最近已经有越来越多的官员呼吁美联储开始考虑缩减购债,这其中包括了美联储副主席克拉里达、达拉斯联储主席卡普兰、旧金山联储主席戴利,以及美联储理事夸尔斯等。

非农或成催化剂?

美国4月核心个人消费价格指数(PCE)同比上涨3.1%,高于预期并创下1992年7月以来的新高。短期通胀的飙升早在市场预料之中,而本周的焦点将是周五即将出炉的5月非农数据。

由于4月数据意外爆冷,令美联储坚定了“暂时观望”的态度。此次预计将会新增67万个就业岗位,失业率降至5.9%。

上个月的数据显示,企业有着较高的招聘需求(空缺职位),但政府的各项补助打压了人们重返工作岗位的意愿,导致劳动力的供给明显不足。随着1400美元支票刺激效果的递减以及疫苗的普及,预计会有更多的劳动力人口重返市场。

如果就业和上周的通胀一样能双双“爆表”,那么美联储有更充足的理由来考虑提前缩减购债。

市场机遇

出色的非农报告(比如新增100万就业人口)加上前值的上修可能短暂提振美元指数(USDX)的走势,但想要彻底扭转当前局颓势则需要美联储的政策支持。6月中旬的FOMC会议值得期待。

若此次非农再次大幅逊于预期,美元或将继续承压,进而支撑黄金、加密货币和科技股的走势。



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