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Analysis

EUR

留给欧元的时间不多了

Jerry Chen
Jerry Chen
Research Strategist
15 July 2022
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本周欧元兑美元20年来首次跌破平价水平!而这或许还不是最糟糕的时候。

欧元从2月俄乌开战以来已经累计跌了近12%,而且近期有加速下行的迹象。在美元如此强势的情况下,欧元还有机会吗?首先需要一下这段时间欧元被疯狂抛售的原因。

能源危机?经济危机!

毫无疑问,俄乌战争是欧元下跌的导火线。

能源价格的飙升是欧洲无法承受之重。哪怕6月以来出现下行,布伦特和WTI原油今年累计仍有20%以上的涨幅,欧洲天然气期货价格上涨117%,德国电力期货攀升至历史新高,欧元区通胀持续刷新纪录高位至目前的8.6%。

欧盟国家目前经历的能源危机有内外两方面原因。一是俄争推高了原油、天然气等能源价格,这点毋庸置疑也不可控。第二,也是更关键的在于,欧盟(和美国)对俄罗斯的制裁产生了反作用力并深受其害。

与美国(能源出口国)不同,欧洲国家的能源进口高度依赖俄罗斯。便宜而稳定的能源供应是过去几十年欧洲国家工业活动、社会民生、经济发展的核心。一旦切断和俄罗斯的能源贸易往来,这一切的前提就不复存在,能源结构和经济结构将面临重大调整,而短时间内显然又无法寻找到合适的替代能源。能源危机恐怕将会演变成经济危机,部分经济数据已经出现了征兆。

德国是最显著的例子。德国34%的石油进口和50%以上的煤炭和天然气进口来自于俄罗斯。除了国内的电价上涨之外,德国30年来首次出现了贸易逆差是一个危险的信号。目前北溪1号管道正在维护,这条管道由俄罗斯经波罗的海直接输往德国,约占欧洲从俄罗斯进口天然气总量的1/3。若在7月21日维护结束后俄罗斯仍然断供,欧洲经济火车头的德国恐怕将遭遇经济和气候的双重寒冬,而外溢效应也不可避免,欧元自然也难以独善其身。

除了能源结构之外,能源贸易结算是对欧元的另一大挑战。欧洲和俄罗斯之间的贸易原本使用欧元结算。但俄罗斯在被欧美踢除SWIFT体系之后将能源贸易改用卢布结算,欧元的结算货币地位遭到削弱。随后我们便看到了一个神奇的对比,施加制裁的欧洲危机四伏,欧元跌破平价,而受到制裁的俄罗斯2022年的贸易顺差预计将达到2300亿美元(去年1200亿美元),卢布则成为了上半年全球最强货币。

欧洲不明白其中的道理吗?显然不是,无奈汹涌的民意和美国的强势让其没有其他选择的空间。

欧洲天然气期货价格(蓝) vs EURUSD

货币政策的左右为难

能源价格暴涨带来的直接影响就是通胀!这是全球主要经济体都在面临的威胁,而欧元区的情况更为复杂。

欧元区19个国家的经济基础不同,货币政策的传导效果不一,又缺乏统一的财政政策。这使得欧洲央行的政策制定往往很难兼顾各方利益。既想通过加息遏制通胀,又不想太过激进加重南欧国家的债务负担。犹豫不决之中,货币政策已经大幅落后于其他主要央行。下周的ECB会议预计加息25个基点,不论是相对于目前8.6%的通胀,或是美联储的75bp和加拿大央行的100bp,都显得杯水车薪。

随着美国和欧洲的利差扩大,交易者将继续拥抱具有更高收益率的美元而抛售负利率且存在诸多问题的欧元。更重要的是,欧元的持续贬值将进一步恶化通胀和经济前景,形成恶性循环。

欧元前景

短期内关注下周央行的利率决议和北溪1号管道是否能顺利重启供气。目前的欧元价格应该已经计价了25bp加息和持续断供的影响,因此一旦俄罗斯释放积极信号,欧元可能反弹至1.0150-1.0200区域。

EURUSD

但由于能源和货币政策两大困境很难完美解决,欧元的长期前景自然不容乐观。留给欧元的时间不多了。




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