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Analysis

CNH

央行降息!中美货币政策的“错位时空”

Jerry Chen
Jerry Chen
Research Strategist
18 Jan 2022
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中国央行本周一意外宣布降息。在欧美国家加快政货币策收紧步伐的同时,中国正式踏上了反周期的道路。

央行近两年以来首次下调一年期中期借贷便利(MLF)利率10个基点至2.85%,同时还将7天逆回购利率从2.2%下调至2.1%。由此可以推测,本周四的LPR报价也将大概率同步下调10个基点。

在“降价”的同时央行也不忘“加量”。7000亿元的MLF投放不仅对冲了1月到期的5000亿元规模,还实现了流动性超额投放。

作为最重要的政策利率,1年期MLF利率和7天逆回购利率的调整正式宣告中国开启了降息周期。降息本身并不令人意外,但此次的幅度和时间点还是超出了市场的预期。

内部环境来看,在疫情初保持增速的经济在去年已经出现放缓迹象,四季度GDP仅增长4%。受防疫政策的影响,投资和消费明显受到拖累,而信贷投放和需求都大幅萎缩。但较低的CPI和PPI为央行预留了足够的政策宽松空间,央行显然希望通过增强银行信贷投放意愿与能力来降低企业融资成本,支持实体经济。

外部环境方面,欧美国家”与疫情共存“的路线使得经济活动正在恢复常态,以美联储为首的央行今年将开始进入紧缩周期,这无疑增加了今年稳增长的难度。为了避免与美联储加息”撞车”,央行选择提前行动显示出了稳增长的紧迫性和决心。

在中美货币政策完美错位的情况下,理论上最先受到冲击的就是汇市了。

随着中美利差的收窄,资本可能出现回流美国的情况,而出口的压力也会逐步转移至人民币的汇率上。USDCNH目前处在2018年5月以来最低的位置。相对来讲,上行空间是要大于下行空间的,尤其是考虑到当前周线图上的下降楔形形态已经接近完成。但伴随着一带一路的深入和RCEP的正式启航,人民币并不具备大幅下跌的条件。

USDCNH 周线图

股市方面,历史数据显示一年期MLF利率的下降对A股的刺激作用是显而易见的。在行业方面,消费必需品、IT、医疗保健等行业往往最能受益于降息,而能源、金融等周期型股则表现不佳。

作为去年全球表现最糟糕的主要股指,恒生指数受降息提振的程度或许会打上折扣,这是由股指的行业结构分布所决定的。市值最大的资讯科技业是政策监管重点照顾的对象,而市值第二大的金融业则对利率变动较为敏感。

除了直接参与在岸与香港市场外,您还可以通过我们的指数和ETF产品获得更多相关敞口,如CN50指数、MSCI中国ETF (MCHI),中国25ETF (FXI) 等。

另外,若您是美股投资者,除了要密切关注美联储今年的加息缩表对股市的潜在影响之外,人民币的涨跌似乎也可以提供参考。下图显示出人民币汇率(CNYUSD 黄线)和标普500(蓝线)之间的同步趋势。


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