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Analysis

US500
US500

美联储祭出组合拳!股市酝酿巨变?

Jerry Chen
Jerry Chen
Research Strategist
11 Jan 2022
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美联储12月的会议纪要已经流露出比预期更早更快加息的信号,并且考虑在加息开始后缩减8.7万亿美元的资产负债表。

这一套正在酝酿中的“组合拳”令股市投资者措手不及,美国三大股指在2022年的第一个交易周惨淡收官,其中以科技股为主的纳斯达克重挫4.5%。

加息前置

其实在12月决定加速削减每月的购债规模(松油门)后,加息(踩刹车)就已经提上了议事日程。只不过此前预期中的首次加息是在今年6月。但在上周纪要出炉后,3月的加息概率已经超过80%,2022全年更是预计有3次以上的加息幅度。高盛最新的全年加息预估上调到了4次。

加息前置一方面暗示了本轮加息的速度可能会快于上一次的加息周期(当时平均每个季度一次加息)。另外一方面,也是为尽快开始缩表留出足够的时间窗口。

为何要缩表

目前美联储的资产负债表占GDP的比重高达37%,远高于上一个周期的22%。而逆回购工具持续在万亿美元以上的使用量也证明了过剩的流动性。

同为紧缩政策的工具,市场对缩表的预期能部分缓解美联储身上的加息压力。而相比于加息,缩表一定程度上能限制收益率曲线平坦化的趋势,可以避免因短时间内连续加息导致曲线倒挂这一极端情况的出现。

但具体如何使用这些工具,美联储还是会根据通胀和就业等经济数据来做最后的决策。

美股短空长多?

以上个紧缩周期为例,从2015年底的加息到2017年10月正式开始缩表,当中经历了近两年的时间来让市场消化预期。而从上周开始,市场突然意识到今年加息和缩表可能会同步进行,这不仅不在此前的预期之中,在历史上也是从未发生过的。

在新的预期逐渐酝酿产生并且升温的阶段,市场的短期波动往往最为剧烈,因为此时通常会有一个对资产重新定价的过程。最近美债收益率的快速上行和美股的下跌就是非常的明显的例子。

NASDAQ100

但从更长的周期来看,一旦当市场已经充分计价了新的预期之后,货币政策在执行过程中对股市的冲击会逐渐淡出,取而代之的是经济增长、宏观环境和企业盈利等因素。

无论是在2015-2018年的加息周期,还是在2017-2019年的缩表期间(下图红框:当时美联储的资产负债表从4.47万亿美元降至3.76万亿美元),标普500指数总体都能保持稳定增长,仅在2018年第四季度出现了较为明显回调。

标普500(橙) vs 美联储资产负债表(蓝)

显然,在流动性退潮之后,美股在2022年的走势更多的还是要回归于经济基本面。

风格转换

虽说在美联储首次加息之前美股的动荡似乎难以避免,但市场中的风格切换还是会酝酿新的机遇。

成长股在过去两年显著受益于宽松的流动性和较低的无风险利率而风光无限,而这样的局面在加息预期下恐怕难以为继,价值股已经逐渐开始展露头角,转变已经悄然开始。

下图显示,在美国10年期收益率(橙)回升的同时,罗素1000价值指数和罗素1000成长指数的比率(蓝)已经摆脱了历史底部区域升至3个月新高。考虑到目前价值指数的估值远低于成长指数,更增添了前者的优势。

作为风格转换的另一个参考指标,可以观察股神巴菲特的伯克希尔哈撒韦与“女版巴菲特”凯瑟琳伍德的ARKK Innovation ETF的价格走势对比。股神稳健的价值投资不禁让人感叹“姜还是老的辣”。

在行业板块选择方面,摩根大通的分析给了我们进一步的参考。金融、工业、能源和原材料行业在过去5年和美国的实际利率具有高度正相关性。

而彭博的数据显示,去年投资回报率居前的ETF主要集中在油气开采、房屋建筑、房地产、大型银行等领域,涨幅都在100%以上。这些也是今年我们可以继续重点关注的。

科技巨头

在个股方面,不得不提的还是大型科技股。尽管存在估值过高和市值过于集中等问题,但由产业趋势和技术变革所引领的企业发展,都能让这些行业巨头无论是在疫情期间还是在经济增长周期中始终保持绝对优势(甚至垄断地位)。

如果说健康的财务状况是这些科技公司的“护城河”可以抵御一切市场风险,那这些大型科技股本身就是大盘最坚固也是最后的“堡垒”!



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