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Analysis

EUR

深陷泥潭!平价或许只是欧元下跌的起点

Jerry Chen
Jerry Chen
Research Strategist
2 Aug 2022
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欧元兑美元在7月份一度跌破平价水平,虽然近期有所反弹,但欧元的麻烦或许才刚刚开始。

货币政策大幅落后

欧洲央行两周前加息50个基点的决定并没有给欧元带来明显提振,因为在历史最高的8.9%的通胀率面前,50个基点显得杯水车薪。和美、加、英、澳等主要经济体相比,欧洲央行在货币政策上明显落后。

而展望未来,由于欧元区19个国家的经济基础不同,货币政策的传导效果不一,又缺乏统一的财政政策,这使得央行的政策制定很难兼顾各方利益,因此始终无法形成坚定的鹰派立场。

随着美国和德国的基准利差逐渐拉大,资金必然会选流向收益率更高的货币,欧元恐遭抛弃。

能源危机?经济危机!

欧盟国家目前经历的能源危机有内外两方面原因。一是俄乌战争推高了原油、天然气(今年累计上涨近140%)等能源价格,这点毋庸置疑也不可控。第二也是更关键的在于,欧盟(和美国)对俄罗斯的制裁产生了反作用力,欧洲深受其害。

与作为能源出口国的美国不同,欧洲国家的能源需求高度依赖俄罗斯,其近40%的天然气和25%的石油资源都是从俄罗斯进口。

便宜而稳定的能源供应(比如管道天然气)是过去十几年欧洲国家工业生产、社会民生、经济发展的基石。一旦切断和俄罗斯的能源贸易往来,这一切的前提就不复存在,能源结构和经济结构将面临重大调整,而短时间内由于配套基础设施的瓶颈(缺少液化天然气接收站)又无法寻找到充足且便宜的替代能源,能源价格预计将继续居高不下,经济下行不可避免。而所谓的美国进口和“能源转型”则远水就不了近火。

德国是最显著的例子,其三成的石油进口和半数以上的煤炭和天然气进口来自于俄罗斯,是欧盟中对俄罗斯能源依赖度较高的国家。俄乌开战以来,除了国内的电价疯狂上涨之外,德国30年来首次出现了贸易逆差是一个危险的信号,并且其第二季度经济成长已经出现了停滞。

北溪1号管道的供气量降低至20%且将继续成为俄罗斯反制裁的有力武器,而德国此前已经亲手掐断了北溪2号的运行,缺气缺电的欧元区第一大经济体恐将遭遇经济和气候的双重寒冬。而外溢效应也令人担忧。

能源危机不仅将会演变成经济危机,甚至会升高至能源安全和国家战略层面。此时的资金撤离充满变数的欧元区并不令人意外。

结算货币地位遭遇挑战

能源贸易结算是对欧元的另一大挑战。欧洲和俄罗斯之间的天然气贸易原本使用欧元结算。但俄罗斯在被欧美踢出SWIFT体系之后将能源贸易改用卢布结算,欧元的结算货币地位遭到削弱。随后我们便看到了一个神奇的对比,施加制裁的欧洲危机四伏,欧元跌破平价,而受到制裁的俄罗斯2022年的贸易顺差预计将达到2300亿美元(去年1200亿美元),卢布则成为了上半年全球最强货币。

随着俄罗斯和伊朗签署能源合作大单,全球第一和第二大天然气储藏量的国家(都是被美国制裁的对象)抱团联手,不仅可能重塑未来全球能源供应的格局,欧元的结算货币地位也势必进一步受到挑战,本币或人民币或将扮演越来越重要的角色。

债务危机若隐若现

意大利总理马里奥·德拉吉近期宣布辞职。他并非无法继续留任,只是执政联盟中出现的裂痕以及意大利积重难返的现状让他萌生了去意。那个曾经拯救了欧债危机的“超级马里奥”现在却“救”不了意大利!

虽然贵为欧元区第三大经济体,意大利政府却已经累积了超过2.7万亿欧元的债务,是2021年GDP的150%,比当年“欧猪五国”中另四国(葡萄牙、爱尔兰、希腊和西班牙)的现有债务总和还要高,同时赤字率高达5.5%。意大利的经济体量和债务规模意味着一旦其发生债务危机,谁也救不了且谁也逃不掉。

意大利将于9月底举行议会选举,由于新政府对财政税收改革的不确定性,意大利是否能顺利获得2000亿欧元的欧盟复苏基金和欧洲央行政策工具(反碎片化工具)的支持被打上了问号。与此同时,随着欧洲央行正式开启加息进程,意大利的借贷成本预计还将快速升高。这让意大利很有可能成为欧元区最短的那块“木板”。

目前意大利和德国的10年期国债利差(蓝线)已经拉大到240个基点左右,若继续上扬或将触发欧元(黄线)更深的下跌趋势。

虽然欧元暂时远离了平价水平回升至1.0200上方,但由于上述的结构性问题短时间内都无解,因此欧元的麻烦还远没有结束,逢高做空或许是更稳妥的策略。



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